Data Processing Agreement under India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA)
A Data Processing Agreement under the DPDPA documents the written instructions from the Data Fiduciary to the Data Processor, defines scope and limitations of processing, sets security and sub-processing controls, and establishes audit, cooperation and deletion obligations. The DPA serves as contract-level evidence of accountability and supports regulatory inquiries.
description What Is a DPDPA Data Processing Agreement?
A Data Processing Agreement (DPA) under the DPDPA is a written contract between a Data Fiduciary and a Data Processor that defines the scope, instructions, obligations, and safeguards for processing personal data. It establishes clear accountability, ensures lawful processing, protects Data Principals' rights, and creates an audit trail for regulatory compliance with the Data Protection Board of India (DPBI).
account_tree Data Fiduciary vs. Data Processor
business Data Fiduciary
- location_searching Determines purposes and means of processing
- how_to_reg Obtains consent or relies on legitimate uses
- account_balance Bears primary accountability to Data Principals and DPBI
- edit_document Issues written instructions to Processors via DPA
- shield Monitors Processor compliance and safeguards
cloud_queue Data Processor
- rule Processes data only per Fiduciary's written instructions
- lock Implements reasonable security safeguards
- support Assists Fiduciary with Data Principal requests and audits
- report_problem Notifies Fiduciary of breaches and compliance issues
- delete_forever Deletes or returns data upon contract termination
list_alt Essential DPA Clauses (DPDPA)
Scope & Instructions
- track_changes Processing purposes, data categories, duration
- description Specific written instructions and limitations
- block Prohibition on processing beyond scope
Security & Confidentiality
- vpn_lock Technical and organizational measures
- person_off Staff confidentiality obligations
- warning Breach notification procedures
Sub-Processing
- approval Prior written authorization required
- share Flow-down obligations to sub-processors
- assignment_ind Processor remains liable for sub-processors
Data Principal Rights
- person_search Assistance with access, correction, erasure requests
- question_answer Support for grievance redressal
- timer Response timelines and escalation paths
Audit & Compliance
- fact_check Fiduciary's right to audit and inspect
- receipt_long Documentation and evidence provision
- gavel Cooperation with DPBI inquiries
Data Return & Deletion
- keyboard_return Return or deletion upon termination
- delete_sweep Certification of deletion
- history Retention only if legally required
hub Sub-Processor Management
When a Data Processor engages sub-processors (e.g., cloud hosting, analytics), the DPA must address authorization, liability, and flow-down obligations. Recommended practices include:
Authorization Models
- done_all Specific Authorization: Fiduciary approves each sub-processor by name
- format_list_bulleted General Authorization: Fiduciary consents to categories; Processor provides list and notifies changes
Flow-Down & Liability
- swap_calls Sub-processor DPA mirrors obligations
- assignment_turned_in Processor remains fully liable to Fiduciary
- find_in_page Audit rights extend through chain
security Security Obligations & Standards
The DPDPA requires "reasonable security safeguards" to prevent data breaches. DPAs should specify:
Technical Safeguards
- enhanced_encryption Encryption in transit and at rest
- vpn_key Access controls and authentication (MFA)
- sync_lock Regular security patches and updates
- device_hub Network segmentation and firewalls
Organizational Safeguards
- school Staff training on data protection
- badge Background checks and NDAs
- policy Policies, SOPs, and incident response plans
- assessment Regular risk assessments
Monitoring & Logging
- visibility Activity logs and audit trails
- notifications Intrusion detection systems
- bar_chart Regular security testing and scans
- backup Backup and disaster recovery
published_with_changes Breach Notification & Incident Response
Report personal data breaches to the Data Fiduciary without undue delay in line with applicable rules. DPAs should define clear protocols:
Processor's Obligations
- schedule Immediate notification to Fiduciary without undue delay
- info Details: nature, scope, affected data, potential impact
- medical_services Mitigation steps taken and recommended actions
- work Full cooperation in investigation and remediation
Fiduciary's Response
- contact_support Assess impact on Data Principals
- campaign Notify affected individuals as required
- report Report to DPBI if material breach
- build Implement corrective measures
handshake Contract Lifecycle & Termination
Term & Renewal
Define processing duration aligned with service term; auto-renewal clauses should reference updated compliance requirements
Amendment Rights
Allow Fiduciary to update instructions for legal/regulatory changes; require written change process
Termination & Data Fate
Upon termination: return data in structured format OR certify secure deletion (with exceptions for legal holds)
language Cross-Border Data Transfers
When personal data leaves India, DPAs must address cross-border safeguards:
Transfer Framework
- public Transfers permitted except to restricted countries
- gavel Government may notify restricted destinations
- update Rules on transfer mechanisms awaited
DPA Provisions
- map List of countries/regions where data is processed
- security Additional safeguards (encryption, pseudonymization)
- balance Compliance with foreign surveillance laws
- update Flexibility clauses to incorporate future requirements
stars Significant Data Fiduciary (SDF) Considerations
Organizations notified as Significant Data Fiduciaries under Section 10 of the DPDPA face heightened obligations. DPAs supporting SDF relationships should enable:
Enhanced Governance
- fact_check Periodic Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs)
- assessment Regular compliance audits and assessments
- badge Data Protection Officer (DPO) liaison protocols
Documentation Requirements
- folder_open Comprehensive record of processing activities
- history Audit trail maintenance and evidence packs
- description Processing instructions with version control
Reporting Obligations
- campaign Timely breach reporting to DPBI
- analytics Periodic compliance reporting
- support Processor cooperation for regulatory inquiries
apartment Sector-Specific DPA Considerations
FinTech / BFSI
- account_balance_wallet RBI guidelines on outsourcing and data localization
- trending_up Transaction monitoring and fraud detection clauses
- event Extended retention for regulatory records
Health / MedTech
- health_and_safety Heightened security for health data
- medical_information Interoperability with ABDM (Ayushman Bharat)
- privacy_tip Safeguards for sensitive health information
SaaS / Cloud
- cloud_done Multi-tenant isolation and access controls
- storage Data residency commitments (India-specific)
- trending_flat Sub-processor transparency and change notifications
receipt_long DPA Schedules & Documentation
A comprehensive DPA includes detailed schedules that specify processing parameters and obligations:
Schedule A – Processing Details
- assignment Processing purposes and lawful basis
- category Data categories and Data Principal categories
- schedule Processing operations and duration
- location_on Processing locations and data residency
Schedule B – Security Measures
- security Technical controls (encryption, access controls)
- groups Organizational controls (training, policies)
- verified Certifications and compliance frameworks
- report Incident response and breach notification procedures
Schedule C – Sub-Processor Register
- list List of authorized sub-processors
- work Processing activities performed by each
- public Location and jurisdiction
- notification_important Change notification protocol
Schedule D – Audit Protocol
- calendar_today Audit frequency and notice period
- assignment_turned_in Scope and methodology
- lock Confidentiality and access restrictions
- build_circle Remediation windows and corrective actions
fact_check DPA Implementation Checklist
Pre-Execution
- checklist Map all processor relationships and data flows
- search Conduct vendor due diligence (security, certifications)
- gavel Define processing purposes and instructions precisely
- assignment Prepare schedules: data categories, retention, sub-processors
Post-Execution
- folder_open Maintain central DPA repository
- update Monitor compliance and conduct periodic audits
- autorenew Review and update DPAs annually or upon changes
- school Train procurement and legal teams on DPA requirements
help Frequently Asked Questions
Is a written DPA mandatory under DPDPA?
While not explicitly mandated in every case under the current Act, a written DPA is recommended for demonstrating accountability. The DPDP Rules 2025 are pending final notification as of October 2025, which may clarify specific requirements for different categories of Data Fiduciaries.
Can we use a vendor's standard DPA?
Review vendor templates carefully—they may not fully align with DPDPA requirements or your organization's risk profile. Negotiate India-specific clauses, audit rights, and ensure compliance with DPDPA obligations.
What if our processor is outside India?
Ensure DPA includes cross-border safeguards. Under the DPDPA, transfers are generally permitted except to countries restricted by government notification. Include conditional wording to update obligations upon notification of restrictions and address foreign law enforcement access.
How often should DPAs be reviewed?
Annually, or whenever there's a material change in processing activities, regulatory requirements, or vendor capabilities. Update DPAs upon notification of new DPDP Rules or changes in transfer restrictions.
contact_mail DPA Parameters Review
Share parameters for a DPDPA-aligned Data Processing Agreement review or template preparation.
DPA Parameters (DPDPA)
To prepare or review a DPA, provide:
- Company, industry, and key processor relationships
- Data categories processed and cross-border flows
- Existing DPAs (for review) or need for new templates
- Specific concerns: sub-processors, security, audits, liability
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