Introduction India has produced one of the most radical public digital infrastructures in the global financial ecosystem in the Unified Payments Interface (“UPI”). Incorporating interoperability and real-time payments, UPI has not only fundamentally redefined how people and businesses operate but also led to a major promotion of financial inclusion and digitisation. What started out as…
Introduction India’s Fintech ecosystem now operates like an extension of the traditional banking infrastructure. Financial data is not independently generated by apps like CRED, Groww, Zerodha, PhonePe, and many account-aggregator-enabled sites. On the contrary, they rely on ongoing, permission-based access via Application Programming Interfaces (“APIs”) to users’ bank-held data. The said architectural system has enabled…
Introduction The infrastructure for real-time digital payments in India has grown to be essential to daily financial transactions. Near-frictionless transactions at previously uncommon scales have been made possible by platforms like UPI, fast card settlements, and embedded fintech payment rails. However, the same accessibility and quickness that drive financial inclusion have also increased fraud risk….
Introduction The digital finance ecosystem of India has grown remarkably over the last decade, amply supported by the pervasive adoption of UPI, digital wallets, account aggregation frameworks, and blockchain-based solutions. The host of fintech innovations has not only expanded access to financial services among retail and under-served groups, but catalysed efficiency, transparency, and inclusivity across…
Introduction The Alternative Investment Fund (hereinafter referred to as “AIF”) ecosystem, an important engine for funding startups, high-growth private companies and infrastructure, has experienced a prominent growth. However, this significant market requires equally significant and efficient regulatory tools to function in alignment. The introduction of Regulation 17A into the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012,…
Introduction The legal status of cryptocurrencies in India has long existed within a zone of ambiguity, creating uncertainty for enterprises, custodians, exchanges, and investors seeking clarity on the classification, ownership, and enforceability of rights with respect to cryptocurrencies. This uncertainty has now been fundamentally changed by the landmark ruling of the Madras High Court in…
INTRODUCTION On a contemporary scale, India’s financial ecosystem has greatly evolved, accompanied by swift technological upgrades. One of the most important innovations influencing mass market participation is the Unified Payments Interface (hereinafter referred to as “UPI“). If in the distant past, digital payment was often restricted to the primary account holder, nowadays, UPI has gone…
Introduction FinTech apps make money movement feel effortless, but the moment you sign up they start collecting a lot of personal and financial details. This can include your phone number, bank information, ID proofs, transaction history and even how you use your device. All of this sits behind the smooth buttons and screens you tap…
Introduction Over the past years, the financial technology (hereinafter referred to as “FinTech”) industry in India recorded an unprecedented growth due to regulatory developments, a swift digitalization process, and the increasing access to financial services. However, this change has not been fairly shared. The inaccessibility of digital platforms still poses a barrier to the access…
Introduction India’s derivatives market has become one of the most active globally, but much of its activity has revolved around a few heavyweight indices. To correct this imbalance, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (“SEBI“) issued a circular on October 30, 2025, introducing new eligibility norms for derivatives on non-benchmark indices such as Bank…
Introduction India’s digital payment system has changed the way people move money. The success of the Unified Payments Interface (“UPI”) shows how easy it has become to send and receive money instantly. It has made digital transactions fast, secure, and available to millions. Yet what happens when the internet fails is a big question. In…
Introduction The Unified Payments Interface (hereinafter referred to as “UPI”) has changed India’s payment systems by offering quick and easy digital transactions to all whether customers are at a big store or getting groceries from a small roadside vendor. UPI has played a pivotal role in the country’s digital payment adoption and integration. The users…
Introduction Green financial technology (hereinafter referred to as “green fintech”) is reshaping India’s financial sector by weaving environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) criteria into everyday products and services. It is where sustainability meets digital finance, covering everything from ESG-based credit scoring and climate-conscious loans to carbon-tracking applications and blockchain-enabled carbon markets. For example, digital lenders…
INTRODUCTION India’s financial services sector has undergone a remarkable digital transformation over the past decade, driven by rapid fintech innovation, the rise of mobile-first banking, and increasing adoption of Artificial Intelligence (“AI”). One of the most visible outcomes of this shift is the emergence of robo-advisory platforms. They are algorithm-driven services that provide automated, data-based…
INTRODUCTION Small and medium enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “SMEs”) put food on the table for most Indians. Think of a neighborhood Kirana store, a small eatery down the lane, an online apparel seller in the heart of Bengaluru, or even a local taxi service in Cochin. Individually, each of these may not seem like…
INTRODUCTION The online gaming industry in India is growing at an unprecedented rate. It fulfills the criteria of a very dynamic branch of the digital economy. Affordable smartphones, cheap data plans, and youth with technology knowledge have converted casual plays into a full-fledged industry. Real-money platforms such as fantasy sports, poker, rummy, and other skillful…
Introduction On a contemporary scale, India’s financial markets have greatly evolved, accompanied by swift technological upgrades. One of the most important invention influencing market participation is algorithmic trading (hereinafter referred to as “algo-trading”). If in the distant past, it was a highly technical and sophisticated tool used by large institutional players, nowadays, it has gone…
Introduction The Digital Personal Data Protection Act (hereinafter referred to as the “DPDPA” or “the Act”) 2023, alters how India looks at data privacy and compliance frameworks. One of the most talked about provisions of the Act is per-transaction, or granular, consent, which requires that a user must provide explicit consent for each and every…
INTRODUCTION The rise of Fintech has disrupted the financial industry and changed consumer behaviour from conventional to more flexible and modern approaches. The wealth, asset management, and insurance advisory services are going through a massive change, and the evolving technology is shaping the developments in the industry. Once marked by specialized human advisors and accessible…
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